Economic Development As If Culture Matters: Inuvialuit Wild Game Harvesting, Community-Based Economic Development, and Cultural Maintenance in the Western Arctic

Alunik, I., E. Kolausok, and D. Morrison. 2003. Across time and tundra: The Inuvialuit of the Western Arctic. Vancouver: Raincoast Books.

Annual Report of Research and Monitoring in National Parks of the Western Arctic 2002, Banks Island muskoxen monitoring. Web site:

Arnold, C.D. 1980. A Paleoeskimo occupation of south Banks Island, NWT. Arctic 33(3): 400–26.

Barr, W. 1991. Back from the brink: The road to muskox conservation in the Northwest Territories. Calgary: Arctic Institute of North America.

Bone, R. 2003. The geography of the Canadian North. Toronto: Oxford University Press.

Biddlecomb, M. and D. Klein. 1992. Comparative patterns of winter habitat use by muskoxen and caribou. Rangifer 12(1): 3–4.

Community of Sachs Harbour. 1992. Sachs Harbour community conservation plan: A plan for the conservation and management of the renewable resources and lands in the vicinity of Banksland, NWT. Sachs Harbour, NWT: Sachs Harbour Community Corporation.

Environment Canada. 2004. Web site:

Fraser, P.B. McLean, and J. Nagy. 1991. Reproductive status of female muskoxen harvested on Banks Island, NWT. Rangifer 12(3): 159–60.

GNWT Statistical Profile, 2004. Web site: <http://www.stats.gov.nt.ca/Profile/Profile%20PDF/Sachs%20Harbour.pdf>

GNWT, Wildlife and Fisheries, Economics, Muskox, Sachs Harbour. Web site: <http://www.nwtwildlife.rwed.gov.nt.ca/NWTwildlife/muskox/economics.htm>

GNWT, Wildlife and Fisheries, Harvest Levels, Muskox, Sachs Harbour. Web site: <http://www.nwtwildlife.rwed.gov.nt.ca/NWTwildlife/muskox/harvest.htm>

Gunn, A. 1992. The dynamics of caribou and muskoxen foraging in an arctic ecosystem. Rangifer 12(1): 13–15.

Gunn, A., C. Shank, and Bruce Maclean. 1991. The history, status and management of muskoxen on Banks Island. Arctic 44(1): 66–74.

Hickey, C.G. 1979. Archaeological and ethnohistorical research on Banks Island. Etudes/Inuit/Studies 3(2): 132–33.

Hills Foods Ltd. 1997. Wild Arctic muskox harvest on Banks Island brings employment to the Inuit of the North. Web site: <http://www.hillsfoods.com/article1.html>

Hrynyshyn, J. 1991. The amazing muskox. News North, August 12, 1991.

Inuvialuit Game Council. 1993. Inuvialuit harvest study. Inuvik: Inuvialuit Regional Corporation.

Inuvialuit Regional Corporation. 1992. Inuvialuit Regional Corporation annual report, 1991. Inuvialuit Regional Corporation, Inuvik.

Latour, P.B. 1987. Observations on demography, reproduction, and morphology of muskoxen (ovibus moschatus) on Banks Island, Northwest Territories. Canadian journal of zoology 65: 265–69.

Lyck, L. 1990. International involvement, autonomy, and sustainable development in the Arctic. Polar Record 26(159): 309–12.

Manuel, G. And M. Posluns. 1974. The fourth world: An Indian reality. Don Mills: Collier-Macmillan.

Muskox Management Workshop 2001. 2001. Unpublished summary report, Aklavik, NWT,

Rondeau, Daniel. 1992. Bioeconomics of the Banks Island muskoxen: A management framework using optimal control theory. Unpublished paper, Department of Agricultural Economics and Business, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.

Staaland, H. and C. Olessen. 1992. Muskox and caribou adaptation to grazing on the Angujaartorfiup Nunna range in Western Greenland. Rangifer 12(2): 105–13.

Tessaro, S. et al. 1984. Banks Island muskox harvest, 1982. Biological papers of the University of Alaska, Special Report 4: 177–80.

Umayot. 1992. Umayot News. Inuvialuit Regional Corporation, Renewable Resources Development Project, Inuvik.

Urquhart, D.R. 1982. Muskox: Life history and current status of muskoxen in the Northwest Territories. Government of the Northwest Territories, Department of Renewable Resources, Wildlife Section, Yellowknife.

Urquhart, D.R. 1993. Porcupine caribou almanac: Almanac no. 62. Tusaayaksat.

Usher, P.J. 1971a. The Bankslanders: Economy and ecology of a frontier trapping community, volume 1: History. Ottawa: Northern Science Research Group.

Usher, P.J. 1971b. The Bankslanders: Economy and ecology of a frontier trapping community, volume 2, Economy and ecology. Ottawa: Northern Science Research Group.

Usher, P.J. 1971c. The Bankslanders: Economy and ecology of afrontier trapping community, volume 3: The community. Ottawa: Northern Science Research Group.

Vincent, D. and A. Gunn. 1981. Population increase of muskoxen on Banks Island and Implications for competition with Peary Caribou. Arctic 34: 175–79.

Whittles, M.J. 1994. “Inuit hunters and herders: Ecology and economy in Banks Island, Northwest Territories,” in Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies, Vol. II. Edited by L. Ellanna. Fairbanks: University of Alaska.

Whittles, M.J. 1996. Inuit History, Autonomy, and Ecology in Banks Island, Northwest Territories. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge.

Whittles, M.J. 2004. “Cultural brokers and scientific boundaries,” in Aboriginal Cultural Landscapes. Edited by J. Oakes et al. Winnipeg: Aboriginal Issues Press, University of Manitoba Press.

Wilkinson, P., Shank, C. and D. Penner. 1976. Muskox-caribou summer range relations on Banks Island, NWT. Journal of Wildlife Management 40(1): 151–62.

Wildlife Management Advisory Council, NWT. 1993. Sixth Annual Report, 1992–1993. Web Site:

Will, R.T. 1984. Muskox procurement and use on Banks Island by nineteenth century Copper Inuit. Biological Papers, University of Alaska Special Report 44(0): 1530–610.